Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer to each of the questions from 39 to 42.

Many universities around the world are proud to have long histories and strong traditions. However, very few universities can claim to be among the oldest in the world.

Nalanda University, in Bihar, India, was established around 600 BC. It was most likely the world's first university. In the past, scholars came fromEurope, China, and all over India to learn about science, medicine, the Buddhist religion, and other subjects. The university is in ruins now, but at one time it was an impressive school with temples, classrooms, libraries, and dormitories.

According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the University of Al-Karaouine in Fes, Morocco, is the oldest surviving university in the world. It was probably founded in 859 and became a famous place to study natural sciences. The first university in Europe is definitely the University of Bologna, in Italy. It was one of the few universities in Europe that were not influenced by religion. Professors were forbidden from teaching outside the university, and so students came from all over Europe to study with its famous teachers.

The word “founded” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to __________